While concrete has the appearance of an advanced technology, based upon theoretical understanding of stresses and chemistry of cements, knowledge held by trained experts, reinforced concrete is also at the same time a simple process that can be, and in many parts of the world is, executed by people with no...

“Science is rooted in the concept that a model can be tested against observations and rejected when necessary. However, the problem of model testing becomes formidable when we consider the probabilistic forecasting of natural systems. We show that testability is facilitated by the definition of an experimental concept, external to...